[Living donor nephrectomy: The French guidelines from CTAFU]. / Recommandations françaises du Comité de transplantation de l'Association française d'urologie (CTAFU) : néphrectomie pour don de rein.

OBJECTIVE: To propose surgical recommendations for living donor nephrectomy. METHOD: Following a systematic approach, a review of the literature (Medline) was conducted by the CTAFU regarding functional and anatomical assessment of kidney donors, including which side the kidney should be harvested from. Distinct surgical techniques and approaches were evaluated. References were considered with a predefined process to propose recommendations with the corresponding levels of evidence. RESULTS: The recommendations clarify the legal and regulatory framework for kidney donation in France. A rigorous assessment of the donor is one of the essential prerequisites for donor safety. The impact of nephrectomy on kidney function needs to be anticipated. In case of modal vascularization of both kidneys without a relative difference in function or urologic abnormality, removal of the left kidney is the preferred choice to favor a longer vein. Mini-invasive approaches for nephrectomy provide faster donor recovery, less donor pain and shorter hospital stay than open surgery. CONCLUSION: These French recommendations must contribute to improving surgical management of candidates for kidney donation.

Association of Surgical Delay and Overall Survival in Patients With T2 Renal Masses: Implications for Critical Clinical Decision-making During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

OBJECTIVE: To test for an association between surgical delay and overall survival (OS) for patients with T2 renal masses. Many health care systems are balancing resources to manage the current COVID-19 pandemic, which may result in surgical delay for patients with large renal masses. METHODS: Using Cox proportional hazard models, we analyzed data from the National Cancer Database for patients undergoing extirpative surgery for clinical T2N0M0 renal masses between 2004 and 2015. Study outcomes were to assess for an association between surgical delay with OS and pathologic stage. RESULTS: We identified 11,848 patients who underwent extirpative surgery for clinical T2 renal masses. Compared with patients undergoing surgery within 2 months of diagnosis, we found worse OS for patients with a surgical delay of 3-4 months (hazard ratio [HR] 1.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.00-1.25) or 5-6 months (HR 1.51, 95% CI 1.19-1.91). Considering only healthy patients with Charlson Comorbidity Index = 0, worse OS was associated with surgical delay of 5-6 months (HR 1.68, 95% CI 1.21-2.34, P= .002) but not 3-4 months (HR 1.08, 95% CI 0.93-1.26, P = 309). Pathologic stage (pT or pN) was not associated with surgical delay. CONCLUSION: Prolonged surgical delay (5-6 months) for patients with T2 renal tumors appears to have a negative impact on OS while shorter surgical delay (3-4 months) was not associated with worse OS in healthy patients. The data presented in this study may help patients and providers to weigh the risk of surgical delay versus the risk of iatrogenic SARS-CoV-2 exposure during resurgent waves of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Impact of Time to Surgery and Surgical Delay on Oncologic Outcomes for Renal Cell Carcinoma.

PURPOSE: The time between radiographic identification of a renal tumor and surgery can be concerning for patients and clinicians due to fears of tumor progression while awaiting treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the association between surgical wait time and oncologic outcomes for patients with renal cell carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Canadian Kidney Cancer Information System is a multi-institutional prospective cohort initiated in January 2011. Patients with clinical stage T1b or greater renal cell carcinoma diagnosed between January 2011 and December 2019 were included in this analysis. Outcomes of interest were pathological up staging, cancer recurrence, cancer specific survival and overall survival. Time to recurrence and death were estimated using Kaplan-Meier estimates and associations were determined using Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS: A total of 1,769 patients satisfied the study criteria. Median wait times were 54 days (IQR 29-86) for the overall cohort and 81 days (IQR 49-127) for cT1b tumors (1,166 patients), 45 days (IQR 27-71) for cT2 tumors (672 cases) and 35 days (IQR 18-61) for cT3/4 tumors (563). Adjusting for comorbidity, tumor size, grade, histological subtype, margin status and pathological stage, there was no association between prolonged wait time and cancer recurrence or death. CONCLUSIONS: In the context of current surgeon triaging practices surgical wait times up to 24 weeks were not associated with adverse oncologic outcomes after 2 years of followup.

Development of a Novel Scoring System Quantifies Opportunities to Reduce Surgery for Benign Renal Neoplasms: A Retrospective Quality Improvement Analysis within the MUSIC-KIDNEY Collaborative.

PURPOSE: Nonmalignant pathology has been reported in 15% to 20% of surgeries for cT1 renal masses. We seek to identify opportunities for improvement in avoiding surgery for nonmalignant pathology. MATERIALS AND METHODS: MUSIC-KIDNEY started collecting data in 2017. All patients with cT1 renal masses who had partial or radical nephrectomy for nonmalignant pathology were identified. Category for improvement (none-0, minor-1, moderate-2 or major-3) was independently assigned to each case by 5 experienced kidney surgeons. Specific strategies to decrease nonmalignant pathology were identified. RESULTS: Of 1,392 patients with cT1 renal masses 653 underwent surgery and 74 had nonmalignant pathology (11%). Of these, 23 (31%) cases were cT1b. Radical nephrectomy was performed in 17 (22.9%) patients for 5 cT1a and 12 cT1b lesions. Only 6 patients had a biopsy prior to surgery (5 oncocytoma, 1 unclassified renal cell carcinoma). Review identified 25 cases with minor (34%), 26 with moderate (35%) and 10 with major (14%) quality improvement opportunities. Overall 17% of cases had no quality improvement opportunities identified (12 partial nephrectomy, 1 radical nephrectomy). CONCLUSIONS: Review of patients with cT1 renal masses who underwent surgery for nonmalignant pathology revealed a significant number of cases in which this outcome may have been avoided. Approximately half of cases had moderate or major quality improvement opportunities, with radical nephrectomy for nonmalignant pathology being the most common reason. Our data indicate a lowest achievable and acceptable rate of nonmalignant pathology to be 1.9% and 5.4%, respectively. Avoiding interventions for nonmalignant pathology, particularly radical nephrectomy, is an important focus of quality improvement efforts. Strategies to decrease unnecessary interventions for nonmalignant pathology include greater use of repeat imaging, renal mass biopsy and surveillance.

[Cytoreductive Partial Nephrectomy versus Cytoreductive Radical Nephrectomy for Locally T 1 Stage Metastatic Renal Rell Carcinoma (mRCC)].

OBJECTIVE: To explore whether cytoreductive partial nephrectomy (cPN) or cytoreductive radical nephrectomy (cRN), is more beneficial for patients with locally T 1 stage metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). METHODS: We retrospectively collected the data ofthe patients with locally T 1 stage mRCC ( n=934) from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Logistic regression was conducted to identify the determinants of cPN. Propensity-score match (PSM) was used to diminish the confounder. Kaplan-Meier survival analyses was performed and multivariable Cox proportional hazards model was used to evaluate the effect of cPN and cRN on overall survival (OS) and cancer specific survival (CSS). RESULTS: Among the 934 patients, 142 (15.2%) received cPN and 792 (84.8%) received cRN. Before PSM, both OS and CSS in cPN group were better in Kaplan-Meier analysis (log rank test, each P< 0.01). In a survival analysis of propensity-score matched 141 pairs of patients, cPN was still associated with improved OS and CSS compared with cRN (log rank test, each P< 0.01). After PSM, the 2-year OS were 61.7% and 74.4%, and 5-year OS were 35.6% and 59.2% in the cRN and cPN cohorts respectively. Cox proportional hazards model confirmed cPN the independent risk factor of both OS and CSS. CONCLUSION: For mRCC patients with locally T 1 stage, cPN may gain an OS and CSS benefit compared with cRN.

Renal Oncocytoma: An Algorithm for Diagnosis and Management.

Renal oncocytoma is an uncommon tumor that exhibits numerous features which are characteristic but not necessarily unique. Percutaneous biopsy is a safe method of diagnosis. However, differentiation from other tumor subtypes often requires sophisticated analysis and is not universally feasible. This is why, surgical management can be considered as a first-line treatment or after surveillance. Potential triggers for change in management are: tumor size >3 cm, stage progression, kinetics of size progression (>5 mm/y), and clinical change in patient or tumor factors. Long-term follow-up data are lacking and greater centralization should be considered to reach adequate management.

Living Kidney Donor Evaluation.

Long-term safety of living kidney donation (LKD), especially for young donors, has become a real matter of concern in the transplant community and may contribute to creating resistance to LKD. In this context, the criteria that govern living donor donations must live up to very demanding standards as well as adjust to this novel reality. In the first part, we review the existing guidelines published after 2010 and critically examine their recommendations to see how they do not necessarily lead to consistent and universal practices in the choice of specific thresholds for a parameter used to accept or reject a living donor candidate. In the second part, we present the emergence of a new paradigm for LKD developed in the 2017 Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes guidelines with the introduction of an integrative risk-based approach. Finally, we focus on predonation renal function evaluation, a criteria that remain central in the selection process, and discuss several issues surrounding the donor candidate's glomerular filtration rate assessment.

Initial learning curve for robot-assisted partial nephrectomy performed by a single experienced robotic surgeon.

INTRODUCTION: The objective of this study was to evaluate the initial learning curve for robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN) using the da Vinci Xi Surgical System (Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, California). METHODS: This study included the initial 65 consecutive patients with small renal tumors who had undergone RAPN at our institution. A single trained surgeon with extensive experience in robot-assisted radical prostatectomy, but not in laparoscopic partial nephrectomy, performed RAPN for all patients using the da Vinci Xi. The learning curve was analyzed by examining the perioperative outcomes among five groups each consisting of 13 consecutive patients. RESULTS: In this series, the median tumor size and R.E.N.A.L. nephrometry score were 23 mm and 7, respectively, and the median console time and warm ischemia time (WIT) were 116 and 15 minutes, respectively. Fifty-eight patients (89.2%) achieved trifecta outcomes, meaning that the ischemic time was ≤25 minutes, there was a negative surgical margin, and no major postoperative complications occurred. Although there were no significant changes in R.E.N.A.L. nephrometry scores over time, increased surgeon experience was significantly associated with a shorter console time and WIT. Drawing logarithmic approximation curves enabled the achievement of a console time ≤150 minutes and WIT ≤20 minutes at the sixth and fourth procedures, respectively. Furthermore, multivariate analysis identified an independent correlation between surgeon experience with WIT, but not with console time. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that regardless of a surgeon's prior experience in laparoscopic partial nephrectomy, an experienced robotic surgeon can perform RAPN using the da Vinci Xi with acceptable perioperative outcomes after a small number of procedures.

Selecting the Best Elements from Previous Kidney Tumor Scoring Systems to Restructure Efficient Predictive Models for Surgery Type.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this work was to select the best elements from previous scoring systems to restructure efficient predictive models for surgery type. METHODS: Sixteen elements were selected from 7 systems (RENAL, PADUA, DAP, ZS, NephRO, ABC, and CI). They were divided into 6 categories (tumor max. size, exophytic/endophytic, correlation with collecting system or sinus, tumor location, contact situation with the parenchyma, invasion depth). Three elements, selected from 3 different categories, were integrated to establish a total of 320 new models. According to AUC rank, optimized models were developed, and these models were divided into 3 sections. An analysis of the distribution of the 6 categories was made to explore the predictive capacities of the models. RESULTS: A total of 166 consecutive patients were included. Seventy-five patients underwent radical nephrectomy operations. The AUC of the 7 systems ranged from 0.81 to 0.844. Three optimized models (AUC 0.88) were developed to predict surgery type. These optimized models were composed of DAP (D), PADUA, (sinus), and ABC; DAP (D), RENAL (N), and ABC; NePhRO (O), PADUA (UCS), and ABC. Two categories ("exophytic/endophytic," p < 0.001; "correlation with collecting system or sinus," p = 0.001) were nonuniformly distributed. CONCLUSIONS: Seven systems held good predictive power for surgery type. Three optimized models were developed. "Correlation with collecting system or sinus" is a critical factor for predicting surgery type.

The Harbin Medical University nephrectomy score: a quantitative system for evaluating the complexity of laparoscopic retroperitoneal simple nephrectomy.

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic retroperitoneal simple nephrectomy (LRSN) has been widely accepted as a mainstay option for benign non-functioning kidney. The complexity of the procedure, however, differs and remains a subject of controversy. OBJECTIVE: To develop a standardised Harbin Medical University nephrectomy score (HMUNS) system for evaluating LRSN complexity. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 6 variables with different factors comprising primary diseases, history of upper urinary tract surgery, body mass index (BMI), surgeon's learning curve, kidney volume, and Mayo Adhesive Probability (MAP) scores were included in the HMUN score. 95 consecutive patients who underwent LRSN at our institution were divided into low (2 to 6 points) and high (7 to 17 points) complexity groups with HMUNS and investigated the differences of operative time (OT), estimated blood loss (EBL), postoperative hospitalisation time (PHT), rate of intraoperative conversion to open surgery, and the Clavien-Dindo classifi cation (CDC) between both groups. RESULTS: Longer mean operative times (193.2±69.3 min vs. 151.9±46.3 min, p <0.05), more median estimated blood loss (100.0mL vs. 50.0mL, p <0.05), and higher rates of conversion to open surgery (1.2% vs. 25%, p <0.05) were observed in the high-complexity group (n=12) than in the low-complexity group (n=83). However, there were no remarkable differences between the two groups related to the baseline characteristics, post-surgical hospitalisation times, and postoperative complications. CONCLUSIONS: The HMUNS can effectively reflect LRSN complexity, thus providing a quantitative system for risk estimation and treatment decisions. Because of some limitations, further well-designed studies are necessary to confirm our fi ndings. Patient summary: The HMUNS, including primary diseases, history of upper urinary tract surgery, BMI, surgeon's learning curve, kidney volume, and MAP score, can provide an effective quantitative tool to evaluate the complexity of LRSN.

The Harbin Medical University nephrectomy score: a quantitative system for evaluating the complexity of laparoscopic retroperitoneal simple nephrectomy

ABSTRACT Background: Laparoscopic retroperitoneal simple nephrectomy (LRSN) has been widely accepted as a mainstay option for benign non-functioning kidney. The complexity of the procedure, however, differs and remains a subject of controversy. Objective: To develop a standardised Harbin Medical University nephrectomy score (HMUNS) system for evaluating LRSN complexity. Subjects and methods: A total of 6 variables with different factors comprising primary diseases, history of upper urinary tract surgery, body mass index (BMI), surgeon's learning curve, kidney volume, and Mayo Adhesive Probability (MAP) scores were included in the HMUN score. 95 consecutive patients who underwent LRSN at our institution were divided into low (2 to 6 points) and high (7 to 17 points) complexity groups with HMUNS and investigated the differences of operative time (OT), estimated blood loss (EBL), postoperative hospitalisation time (PHT), rate of intraoperative conversion to open surgery, and the Clavien-Dindo classification (CDC) between both groups. Results: Longer mean operative times (193.2±69.3 min vs. 151.9±46.3 min, p <0.05), more median estimated blood loss (100.0mL vs. 50.0mL, p <0.05), and higher rates of conversion to open surgery (1.2% vs. 25%, p <0.05) were observed in the high-complexity group (n=12) than in the low-complexity group (n=83). However, there were no remarkable differences between the two groups related to the baseline characteristics, post-surgical hospitalisation times, and postoperative complications. Conclusions: The HMUNS can effectively reflect LRSN complexity, thus providing a quantitative system for risk estimation and treatment decisions. Because of some limitations, further well-designed studies are necessary to confirm our findings. Patient summary: The HMUNS, including primary diseases, history of upper urinary tract surgery, BMI, surgeon's learning curve, kidney volume, and MAP score, can provide an effective quantitative tool to evaluate the complexity of LRSN.

Systematic Review and Pooled Analysis of the Impact of Renorrhaphy Techniques on Renal Functional Outcome After Partial Nephrectomy.

Despite the important relationship between renorrhaphy and functional outcomes of partial nephrectomy, the urological guidelines do not provide recommendations about the optimal renorrhaphy technique. We carried out the first pooled literature analysis of the impact of suture technique on ultimate renal function after partial nephrectomy. Three studies comparing interrupted versus running suture including data on glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were included, for a total of 124 versus 269 patients. No significant differences were found between pre- and postoperative GFR in either patients who received an interrupted suture (weighted mean difference, -4.88ml/min, 95% confidence interval [CI] -11.38; 1.63, p=0.14) or those who received a running suture (-3.42ml/min, 95% CI -9.96; 3.12, p=0.31). Three studies comparing single- versus double-layer renorrhaphy included data on GFR (321 vs 199 patients). A benefit in functional outcomes favored single-layer technique (-3.19ml/min, 95% CI -8.09; 1.70, p=0.2 vs -6.07ml/min, 95% CI -10.75; -1.39, p=0.01). In conclusion, our quantitative synthesis suggests a renal functional benefit of the single-layer closure during partial nephrectomy. PATIENT SUMMARY: The available studies on renal functional data included in the present review suggest that "less is more" for renorrhaphy after partial nephrectomy. The single-layer renorrhaphy technique showed advantages in renal functional outcomes compared with the double-layer technique.

How well do software assistants for minimally invasive partial nephrectomy meet surgeon information needs? A cognitive task analysis and literature review study.

INTRODUCTION: Intraoperative software assistance is gaining increasing importance in laparoscopic and robot-assisted surgery. Within the user-centred development process of such systems, the first question to be asked is: What information does the surgeon need and when does he or she need it? In this article, we present an approach to investigate these surgeon information needs for minimally invasive partial nephrectomy and compare these needs to the relevant surgical computer assistance literature. MATERIALS AND METHODS: First, we conducted a literature-based hierarchical task analysis of the surgical procedure. This task analysis was taken as a basis for a qualitative in-depth interview study with nine experienced surgical urologists. The study employed a cognitive task analysis method to elicit surgeons' information needs during minimally invasive partial nephrectomy. Finally, a systematic literature search was conducted to review proposed software assistance solutions for minimally invasive partial nephrectomy. The review focused on what information the solutions present to the surgeon and what phase of the surgery they aim to support. RESULTS: The task analysis yielded a workflow description for minimally invasive partial nephrectomy. During the subsequent interview study, we identified three challenging phases of the procedure, which may particularly benefit from software assistance. These phases are I. Hilar and vascular management, II. Tumour excision, and III. Repair of the renal defects. Between these phases, 25 individual challenges were found which define the surgeon information needs. The literature review identified 34 relevant publications, all of which aim to support the surgeon in hilar and vascular management (phase I) or tumour excision (phase II). CONCLUSION: The work presented in this article identified unmet surgeon information needs in minimally invasive partial nephrectomy. Namely, our results suggest that future solutions should address the repair of renal defects (phase III) or put more focus on the renal collecting system as a critical anatomical structure.

Dataset for the reporting of renal biopsy for tumour: recommendations from the International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting (ICCR).

The International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting (ICCR) has developed a suite of detailed datasets for international implementation. These datasets are based on the reporting protocols developed by the Royal College of Pathologists (UK), The Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia and the College of American Pathologists, with modifications undertaken by international expert groups appointed according to ICCR protocols. The dataset for the reporting of renal biopsy for tumour is designed to provide a structured reporting template containing minimum data recording key elements suitable for international use. In formulating the dataset, the ICCR panel incorporated recommendations from the 2012 Vancouver Consensus Conference of the International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) and the 2016 edition of the WHO Bluebook on tumours of the urinary and male genital systems. Reporting elements were divided into Required (Core) and Recommended (Non-core) components of the report. Required elements are as follows: specimen laterality, histological tumour type, WHO/ISUP histological tumour grade, sarcomatoid morphology, rhabdoid morphology, necrosis, lymphovascular invasion and coexisting pathology in non-neoplastic kidney. Recommended reporting elements are as follows: operative procedure, tumour site(s), histological tumour subtype and details of ancillary studies. In particular, it is noted that fluorescence in situ hybridisation studies may assist in diagnosing translocation renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and in distinguishing oncocytoma and eosinophilic chromophobe RCC. It is anticipated that the implementation of this dataset into routine clinical practice will facilitate uniformity of pathology reporting worldwide. This, in turn, should have a positive impact on patient treatment and the quality of demographic information held by cancer registries.

The application of barbed suture during the partial nephrectomy may modify perioperative results: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Barbed sutures can avoid knot tying and speed the suture placement in the PN(partial nephrectomy). On account of the impact on clinical outcomes are ambiguous, this study is determined to identify the application of barbed suture during PN. METHODS: ClinicalTrials.gov, Cochrane Register of Clinical Studies, PubMed and EMBASE were searched for RCTs(randomized controlled trials) and cohort studies focusing on the comparison of barbed and traditional sutures in PN(last updated on Feb in 2015). According to Cochrane Library's suggestion, quality assessment was performed. Review Manager was applied to analyze all the data and sensitivity analyses were performed through omitting each study sequentially. RESULTS: Eight cohort studies and none of RCTs proved eligible (risk of bias: moderate to low,431 patients). Warm ischemia time(MD = - 6.55,95% CI -8.86 to - 4.24, P < 0.05) decreased statistically in the barbed suture group, as well as operative time(MD = - 11.29,95% CI -17.87 to-4.71, P < 0.05). Postoperative complications also reduced significantly(OR = 0.44, 95% CI 0.24 to0.80, P < 0.05). Unidirectional barbed suture resulted in fewer postoperative complications based on the subgroup analysis(OR = 0.48,95% CI 0.24 to 0.94, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The barbed suture may be a useful surgical innovation which can modify perioperative results for surgeons and patients. Randomly-designed studies with longer follow up and larger sample sizes are in the need of to explore the applicability.

Living donor nephrectomy.

OBJECTIVE: The Guidelines Project, an initiative of the Brazilian Medical Association, aims to combine information from the medical field in order to standardize producers to assist the reasoning and decision-making of doctors. CONCLUSIONS: The information provided through this project must be assessed and criticized by the physician responsible for the conduct that will be adopted, depending on the conditions and the clinical status of each patient.

Living donor nephrectomy

The Guidelines Project, an initiative of the Brazilian Medical Association, aims to combine information from the medical field in order to standardize producers to assist the reasoning and decision-making of doctors. The information provided through this project must be assessed and criticized by the physician responsible for the conduct that will be adopted, depending on the conditions and the clinical status of each patient.